20 Netstat naredbi za Linux upravljanje mrežom


netstat (mrežna statistika) je alat na komandnoj liniji za praćenje mrežnih veza i dolaznih i odlaznih, kao i pregled tabela rutiranja, statistike interfejsa itd.

netstat je dostupan na svim operativnim sistemima sličnim Unixu, a dostupan je i na Windows OS. Vrlo je koristan u smislu rješavanja problema s mrežom i mjerenja performansi.

netstat je jedan od najosnovnijih alata za otklanjanje grešaka mrežnih usluga, koji vam govori koji su portovi otvoreni i da li neki programi slušaju portove.

Ažuriranje: Linux netstat komanda je zamijenjena novom ss naredbom, koja može prikazati više informacija o mrežnim vezama i mnogo je brža od starije netstat naredbe .

Alat netstat je veoma važan i veoma koristan za Linux mrežne administratore, kao i administratore sistema za praćenje i rešavanje problema povezanih sa mrežom i određivanje performansi mrežnog saobraćaja.

Ovaj članak prikazuje upotrebu naredbe netstat sa njihovim primjerima koji mogu biti korisni u svakodnevnom radu.

1. Navođenje svih LISTENING portova TCP i UDP veza

Navođenje svih portova (i TCP i UDP) pomoću opcije netstat -a.

netstat -a | more

Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State
tcp        0      0 *:sunrpc                    *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0     52 192.168.0.2:ssh             192.168.0.1:egs             ESTABLISHED
tcp        1      0 192.168.0.2:59292           www.gov.com:http            CLOSE_WAIT
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp              *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:59482                     *:*                         LISTEN
udp        0      0 *:35036                     *:*
udp        0      0 *:npmp-local                *:*

Active UNIX domain sockets (servers and established)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     16972  /tmp/orbit-root/linc-76b-0-6fa08790553d6
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17149  /tmp/orbit-root/linc-794-0-7058d584166d2
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17161  /tmp/orbit-root/linc-792-0-546fe905321cc
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     15938  /tmp/orbit-root/linc-74b-0-415135cb6aeab

2. Navođenje TCP portova veza

Navođenje samo TCP (Transmission Control Protocol) port veza koristeći netstat -at.

netstat -at

Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State
tcp        0      0 *:ssh                       *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp               *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp              *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0     52 192.168.0.2:ssh             192.168.0.1:egs             ESTABLISHED
tcp        1      0 192.168.0.2:59292           www.gov.com:http            CLOSE_WAIT

3. Navođenje UDP portova veza

Navođenje samo UDP (User Datagram Protocol ) port veza koristeći netstat -au.

netstat -au

Active Internet connections (servers and established)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State
udp        0      0 *:35036                     *:*
udp        0      0 *:npmp-local                *:*
udp        0      0 *:mdns                      *:*

4. Popis svih LISTENING veza

Ispis svih veza aktivnih portova za slušanje sa netstat -l.

netstat -l

Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State
tcp        0      0 *:sunrpc                    *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:58642                     *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:ssh                       *:*                         LISTEN
udp        0      0 *:35036                     *:*
udp        0      0 *:npmp-local                *:*

Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     16972  /tmp/orbit-root/linc-76b-0-6fa08790553d6
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17149  /tmp/orbit-root/linc-794-0-7058d584166d2
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     17161  /tmp/orbit-root/linc-792-0-546fe905321cc
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     15938  /tmp/orbit-root/linc-74b-0-415135cb6aeab

5. Navođenje svih TCP portova za slušanje

Navođenje svih aktivnih TCP portova za slušanje pomoću opcije netstat -lt.

netstat -lt

Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State
tcp        0      0 *:dctp                      *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:mysql                     *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:sunrpc                    *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:munin                     *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:ftp                       *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 localhost.localdomain:ipp   *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 localhost.localdomain:smtp  *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:http                      *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:ssh                       *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:https                     *:*                         LISTEN

6. Popis svih UDP portova za slušanje

Popis svih aktivnih slušajućih UDP portova korištenjem opcije netstat -lu.

netstat -lu

Active Internet connections (only servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State
udp        0      0 *:39578                     *:*
udp        0      0 *:meregister                *:*
udp        0      0 *:vpps-qua                  *:*
udp        0      0 *:openvpn                   *:*
udp        0      0 *:mdns                      *:*
udp        0      0 *:sunrpc                    *:*
udp        0      0 *:ipp                       *:*
udp        0      0 *:60222                     *:*
udp        0      0 *:mdns                      *:*

7. Popis svih UNIX portova za slušanje

Popis svih aktivnih UNIX portova za slušanje pomoću netstat -lx.

netstat -lx

Active UNIX domain sockets (only servers)
Proto RefCnt Flags       Type       State         I-Node Path
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     4171   @ISCSIADM_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     5767   /var/run/cups/cups.sock
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     7082   @/tmp/fam-root-
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     6157   /dev/gpmctl
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     6215   @/var/run/hald/dbus-IcefTIUkHm
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     6038   /tmp/.font-unix/fs7100
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     6175   /var/run/avahi-daemon/socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     4157   @ISCSID_UIP_ABSTRACT_NAMESPACE
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     60835836 /var/lib/mysql/mysql.sock
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     4645   /var/run/audispd_events
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     5136   /var/run/dbus/system_bus_socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     6216   @/var/run/hald/dbus-wsUBI30V2I
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     5517   /var/run/acpid.socket
unix  2      [ ACC ]     STREAM     LISTENING     5531   /var/run/pcscd.comm

8. Prikaz statistike po protokolu

Prikazuje statistiku po protokolu. Podrazumevano, statistika se prikazuje za TCP, UDP, ICMP i IP protokole. Parametar -s se može koristiti za određivanje skupa protokola.

netstat -s

Ip:
    2461 total packets received
    0 forwarded
    0 incoming packets discarded
    2431 incoming packets delivered
    2049 requests sent out
Icmp:
    0 ICMP messages received
    0 input ICMP message failed.
    ICMP input histogram:
    1 ICMP messages sent
    0 ICMP messages failed
    ICMP output histogram:
        destination unreachable: 1
Tcp:
    159 active connections openings
    1 passive connection openings
    4 failed connection attempts
    0 connection resets received
    1 connections established
    2191 segments received
    1745 segments send out
    24 segments retransmited
    0 bad segments received.
    4 resets sent
Udp:
    243 packets received
    1 packets to unknown port received.
    0 packet receive errors
    281 packets sent

9. Prikazivanje statistike po TCP protokolu

Prikaz statistike samo za TCP protokol korištenjem opcije netstat -st.

netstat -st

Tcp:
    2805201 active connections openings
    1597466 passive connection openings
    1522484 failed connection attempts
    37806 connection resets received
    1 connections established
    57718706 segments received
    64280042 segments send out
    3135688 segments retransmited
    74 bad segments received.
    17580 resets sent

10. Prikaz statistike prema UDP protokolu

netstat -su

Udp:
    1774823 packets received
    901848 packets to unknown port received.
    0 packet receive errors
    2968722 packets sent

11. Prikaz naziva usluge sa PID-om

Prikazivanje naziva usluge sa njihovim PID brojem, korištenjem opcije netstat -tp će prikazati “PID/Naziv programa“.

netstat -tp

Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State       PID/Program name
tcp        0      0 192.168.0.2:ssh             192.168.0.1:egs             ESTABLISHED 2179/sshd
tcp        1      0 192.168.0.2:59292           www.gov.com:http            CLOSE_WAIT  1939/clock-applet

12. Prikaz promiskuitetnog moda

Prikazujući promiskuitetni način rada sa prekidačem -ac, netstat ispisuje odabrane informacije ili osvježava ekran svakih pet sekundi. Zadani ekran se osvježava svake sekunde.

netstat -ac 5 | grep tcp

tcp        0      0 *:sunrpc                    *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:58642                     *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:ssh                       *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp               *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp              *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        1      0 192.168.0.2:59447           www.gov.com:http            CLOSE_WAIT
tcp        0     52 192.168.0.2:ssh             192.168.0.1:egs             ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 *:sunrpc                    *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:ssh                       *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 localhost:ipp               *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 localhost:smtp              *:*                         LISTEN
tcp        0      0 *:59482                     *:*                         LISTEN

13. Prikaz IP rutiranja kernela

Prikaži tabelu rutiranja Kernel IP sa netstatom i naredbom route.

netstat -r

Kernel IP routing table
Destination     Gateway         Genmask         Flags   MSS Window  irtt Iface
192.168.0.0     *               255.255.255.0   U         0 0          0 eth0
link-local      *               255.255.0.0     U         0 0          0 eth0
default         192.168.0.1     0.0.0.0         UG        0 0          0 eth0

14. Prikaz transakcija mrežnog sučelja

Prikaz paketnih transakcija mrežnog interfejsa uključujući i prenos i prijem paketa sa MTU veličinom.

netstat -i

Kernel Interface table
Iface       MTU Met    RX-OK RX-ERR RX-DRP RX-OVR    TX-OK TX-ERR TX-DRP TX-OVR Flg
eth0       1500   0     4459      0      0      0     4057      0      0      0 BMRU
lo        16436   0        8      0      0      0        8      0      0      0 LRU

15. Prikaz tabele sučelja kernela

Prikaz tabele interfejsa kernela, slično komandi ifconfig.

netstat -ie

Kernel Interface table
eth0      Link encap:Ethernet  HWaddr 00:0C:29:B4:DA:21
          inet addr:192.168.0.2  Bcast:192.168.0.255  Mask:255.255.255.0
          inet6 addr: fe80::20c:29ff:feb4:da21/64 Scope:Link
          UP BROADCAST RUNNING MULTICAST  MTU:1500  Metric:1
          RX packets:4486 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:4077 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:1000
          RX bytes:2720253 (2.5 MiB)  TX bytes:1161745 (1.1 MiB)
          Interrupt:18 Base address:0x2000

lo        Link encap:Local Loopback
          inet addr:127.0.0.1  Mask:255.0.0.0
          inet6 addr: ::1/128 Scope:Host
          UP LOOPBACK RUNNING  MTU:16436  Metric:1
          RX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 frame:0
          TX packets:8 errors:0 dropped:0 overruns:0 carrier:0
          collisions:0 txqueuelen:0
          RX bytes:480 (480.0 b)  TX bytes:480 (480.0 b)

16. Prikaz IPv4 i IPv6 informacija

Prikazuje informacije o članstvu u multicast grupi za IPv4 i IPv6.

netstat -g

IPv6/IPv4 Group Memberships
Interface       RefCnt Group
--------------- ------ ---------------------
lo              1      all-systems.mcast.net
eth0            1      224.0.0.251
eth0            1      all-systems.mcast.net
lo              1      ff02::1
eth0            1      ff02::202
eth0            1      ff02::1:ffb4:da21
eth0            1      ff02::1

17. Štampajte Netstat informacije kontinuirano

Da biste dobili netstat informacije svakih nekoliko sekundi, onda koristite sljedeću naredbu, ona će kontinuirano ispisivati netstat informacije, recimo svakih nekoliko sekundi.

netstat -c

Active Internet connections (w/o servers)
Proto Recv-Q Send-Q Local Address               Foreign Address             State
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:36944 TIME_WAIT
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg010.shr.prod.s:42110 TIME_WAIT
tcp        0    132 linux-console.net:ssh    115.113.134.3.static-:64662 ESTABLISHED
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   crawl-66-249-71-240.g:41166 TIME_WAIT
tcp        0      0 localhost.localdomain:54823 localhost.localdomain:smtp  TIME_WAIT
tcp        0      0 localhost.localdomain:54822 localhost.localdomain:smtp  TIME_WAIT
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg010.shr.prod.s:42091 TIME_WAIT
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:36998 TIME_WAIT

18. Pronalaženje adrese koja ne podržava

Pronalaženje nekonfiguriranih porodica adresa sa nekim korisnim informacijama.

netstat --verbose

netstat: no support for `AF IPX' on this system.
netstat: no support for `AF AX25' on this system.
netstat: no support for `AF X25' on this system.
netstat: no support for `AF NETROM' on this system.

19. Pronalaženje programa za slušanje

Saznajte koliko programa za slušanje radi na portu.

netstat -ap | grep http

tcp        0      0 *:http                      *:*                         LISTEN      9056/httpd
tcp        0      0 *:https                     *:*                         LISTEN      9056/httpd
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg008.shr.prod.s:35248 TIME_WAIT   -
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:57783 TIME_WAIT   -
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg007.shr.prod.s:57769 TIME_WAIT   -
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg008.shr.prod.s:35270 TIME_WAIT   -
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg009.shr.prod.s:41637 TIME_WAIT   -
tcp        0      0 linux-console.net:http   sg2nlhg009.shr.prod.s:41614 TIME_WAIT   -
unix  2      [ ]         STREAM     CONNECTED     88586726 10394/httpd

20. Prikaz statistike RAW mreže

netstat --statistics --raw

Ip:
    62175683 total packets received
    52970 with invalid addresses
    0 forwarded
Icmp:
    875519 ICMP messages received
        destination unreachable: 901671
        echo request: 8
        echo replies: 16253
IcmpMsg:
        InType0: 83
IpExt:
    InMcastPkts: 117

To je to, ako tražite više informacija i opcija o naredbi netstat, pogledajte priručnike za netstat ili koristite naredbu man netstat da biste saznali sve informacije.

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